Among them, the Franks became dominant under the leadership of Clovis I in the late fifth century. Clovis converted to Christianity, aligning his rule with the Church and laying the groundwork for a Christian monarchy. The term “France” derives from the Franks. Over time, the Merovingian dynasty gave way to the Carolingian dynasty, culminating in the reign of Charlemagne. Although his empire extended beyond modern French borders, his coronation as Emperor in 800 symbolized a revival of imperial authority in Western Europe. After his death, the empire fragmented, but the western portion evolved into the Kingdom of France.
During the medieval period, France gradually consolidated under the Capetian dynasty, which began in 987 with Hugh Capet. Medieval France was characterized by feudal structures, in which local lords governed territories under allegiance to the king. Castles, monasteries, and Gothic cathedrals rose across the landscape. Architectural masterpieces such as Notre-Dame de Paris reflected both religious devotion and advances in engineering. The Church played a central role in education, art, and daily life, while universities like the University of Paris became intellectual centers.
The Hundred Years’ War between France and England, lasting from 1337 to 1453, deeply shaped national identity. Although marked by devastation, it also fostered a sense of unity. Figures such as Joan of Arc became enduring symbols of courage and faith. By the war’s end, French monarchy emerged stronger and more centralized. The Renaissance brought renewed interest in classical learning, art, and humanism. French kings such as Francis I patronized artists and scholars, inviting figures like Leonardo da Vinci to the royal court. shutdown123